Emerging diseases are “infections that have newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range”. Human emerging diseases include previously unobserved diseases like SARS, disease agents that have acquired new properties like MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis and E. coli, and diseases that are increasing in prevalence and range like Lyme disease and West Nile virus. The dangerous outcomes of emerging infectious diseases prove to be more dangerous than ever now due to globalization.
In his presentation, Laegreid included a chart of international travel from 1950 to 2010. Up until 1960, there were less than 100 million international tourist arrivals per year. It has grown exponentially since and in 2010, international tourist arrivals reached 1000 million per year. International travel has such a significant impact with the spread of infectious disease now that there are computer systems that calculate flight paths to predict where certain infectious diseases originated and would show up next. For example, with the SARS epidemic, it was determined that it originated from Hong Kong and then predicted to China, US, Australia, Canada, the UK, and Germany quickest, in under 6 weeks. From there, these systems can use probability to predict where the virus would end up next based on flight paths so that the respective countries can prepare ahead of time for the epidemic.
It has been almost a decade since the SARS epidemic and tourist rates are still on the rise, meaning the chances of new emerging diseases spreading even quicker is very high. Using creative systems like this allows nations to plan ahead and becomes an essential factor in reaching adequate public health measures for an infectious disease outbreak.
Thursday, November 17, 2011
Saturday, November 12, 2011
Policies, Barriers, and Incentives for Skilled Labor Migration
On Wednesday, November 9th, I attended the workshop “Policies, Barriers, and Incentives for Skilled Labor Migration and Immigration: Healthcare as a Special Case”. Many notable individuals coming from universities and institutes around the country came together to discuss the case of skilled worker immigration in healthcare. In this specific workshop, the individuals are considering the issues, barriers, challenges, opportunities, and ethical considerations for recruiting and retaining immigrant health care workers. One of the biggest debates throughout this workshop was the importance of skilled health care worker migration vs. immigration.
The speaker that touched greatly on worker migration vs. immigration was Diana Vellos Coker. She discussed the possibilities of migration for doctors and nurses and visa limitations. Most of the visas that are available to nurses are in the form of temporary visas. The process to get a green card, however, is a very long, drawn out process. There is initially a visa screening process to ensure that the nurse’s credentials are appropriate. First, they must have a visa that is valid for 5 years and this must stay current. They also must pass and English requirement, and finally be able to prove that they have a certain skill set to bring into the US. Then, depending on the country of origin, many nurses must wait 8-15 years to receive their green card. However, during this time, they are recommended not to leave the US because then their visa status can get reevaluated which would not qualify them for the green card anymore. The barrier to leave the US can prove to be very difficult if they have other family members in their country of origin, but if went against it, they would lose their chance of immigrating. In the past, this green card process has taken only 3 months, so much has changed throughout the years.
Another argument that was brought forward regarding immigration practices is the necessity of these immigrant health care workers. Currently, it is not a shortage of nurses that cause the problem of health care within the US, but rather a geographic misdistribution. There is a severe lack of health care workers in medically underserved areas, or rural areas, and also in long term care facilities. This is due to poor work environments, high turnover rates, and a lack of faculty to prepare nurses. If immigration laws were to provide a green card incentive for working in such areas, then it is likely that this health care issue can be mended. Otherwise, many of these immigrant nurses are just going into areas that don’t necessarily need the extra work force. Unfortunately, putting in place any sort of immigration incentive is a very abstract idea and is not likely to pass, so immigrants will still have to withstand long immigration processes and their immigration will not be used to solve the health care maldistribution issue.
The speaker that touched greatly on worker migration vs. immigration was Diana Vellos Coker. She discussed the possibilities of migration for doctors and nurses and visa limitations. Most of the visas that are available to nurses are in the form of temporary visas. The process to get a green card, however, is a very long, drawn out process. There is initially a visa screening process to ensure that the nurse’s credentials are appropriate. First, they must have a visa that is valid for 5 years and this must stay current. They also must pass and English requirement, and finally be able to prove that they have a certain skill set to bring into the US. Then, depending on the country of origin, many nurses must wait 8-15 years to receive their green card. However, during this time, they are recommended not to leave the US because then their visa status can get reevaluated which would not qualify them for the green card anymore. The barrier to leave the US can prove to be very difficult if they have other family members in their country of origin, but if went against it, they would lose their chance of immigrating. In the past, this green card process has taken only 3 months, so much has changed throughout the years.
Another argument that was brought forward regarding immigration practices is the necessity of these immigrant health care workers. Currently, it is not a shortage of nurses that cause the problem of health care within the US, but rather a geographic misdistribution. There is a severe lack of health care workers in medically underserved areas, or rural areas, and also in long term care facilities. This is due to poor work environments, high turnover rates, and a lack of faculty to prepare nurses. If immigration laws were to provide a green card incentive for working in such areas, then it is likely that this health care issue can be mended. Otherwise, many of these immigrant nurses are just going into areas that don’t necessarily need the extra work force. Unfortunately, putting in place any sort of immigration incentive is a very abstract idea and is not likely to pass, so immigrants will still have to withstand long immigration processes and their immigration will not be used to solve the health care maldistribution issue.
Saturday, November 5, 2011
Global health fund uncovers $20 million more in losses through corruption in new probes
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the international financing organization founded by Bill Gates, has now uncovered over $73 million in losses due to corruption across several countries. Three recent cases, in Nigeria, India, and Mauritania, has raised overwhelming concern about the accounting practices exercised by the countries that have been receiving grants. For example, in the case of corruption of India, at least $872,000 of the Global Fund grants have been transferred to another corporation and used to rent and renovate an official’s home.
The Global Fund is a highly reputable organization that has saved 7.7 million lives. Since its creation in 2002, governments globally have pledged $28.3 billion. Unfortunately, when a high proportion of the money is sent directly to countries with corrupt governments, the amount of corruption with the funds that has been found is not too much of a surprise.
Unfortunately, with the findings of the millions of dollars that has been lost through corruption, many governments have or considered withholding their pledges to the Global Fund. Germany had initially withheld their pledge of $285.7 million. Without those funds, the Global Fund calculated that to lead to the deaths of 43,000 people. The European Commission and Denmark have still withheld their pledges. Spain, Italy, Japan, and Ireland are also conflicted with a decision about their pledge, and have withheld a proportion of it.
With such a high amount of funds being lost to corruption every year, these countries have every reason to doubt their pledge to the Global Fund as their funds are not being distributed as intended. However, without such funds, many individuals will die due to the treatment that this organization is able to bring to individuals. It is clear that monitoring policies need to be enforced more, directly where the funds are being sent; otherwise an essential financial component of international health will be missing and many lives will be lost to preventable diseases. Unfortunately, such a large change of monitoring policies can be very difficult to instate since the funds are distributed across all different regions across the world.
The article can be found here: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/global-health-fund-uncovers-20-million-more-in-losses-through-corruption-in-new-probes/2011/11/01/gIQA0NW7cM_story.html
The Global Fund is a highly reputable organization that has saved 7.7 million lives. Since its creation in 2002, governments globally have pledged $28.3 billion. Unfortunately, when a high proportion of the money is sent directly to countries with corrupt governments, the amount of corruption with the funds that has been found is not too much of a surprise.
Unfortunately, with the findings of the millions of dollars that has been lost through corruption, many governments have or considered withholding their pledges to the Global Fund. Germany had initially withheld their pledge of $285.7 million. Without those funds, the Global Fund calculated that to lead to the deaths of 43,000 people. The European Commission and Denmark have still withheld their pledges. Spain, Italy, Japan, and Ireland are also conflicted with a decision about their pledge, and have withheld a proportion of it.
With such a high amount of funds being lost to corruption every year, these countries have every reason to doubt their pledge to the Global Fund as their funds are not being distributed as intended. However, without such funds, many individuals will die due to the treatment that this organization is able to bring to individuals. It is clear that monitoring policies need to be enforced more, directly where the funds are being sent; otherwise an essential financial component of international health will be missing and many lives will be lost to preventable diseases. Unfortunately, such a large change of monitoring policies can be very difficult to instate since the funds are distributed across all different regions across the world.
The article can be found here: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/global-health-fund-uncovers-20-million-more-in-losses-through-corruption-in-new-probes/2011/11/01/gIQA0NW7cM_story.html
Saturday, October 29, 2011
Search for malaria and tuberculosis vaccines put on fast track by UN partnership
Thanks to a newly developed partnership launched between the United Nations and pharmaceutical companies, the search for malaria and tuberculosis vaccines has been made easier, with hopes of speeding up its development. The UN World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has a virtual global health research community, WIPO Re:Search, which allows the sharing of intellectual property. Through this virtual community, pharmaceutical companies, non-profit BIO Ventures for Global Health (BVGH), and public and private sector organizations will be able to share intellectual property pertaining to the research and development on malaria, tuberculosis, and other neglected tropical diseases.
Because the vaccines of such diseases, once developed, must be distributed at such a very low price without a profit margin, the research towards its development will also be made royalty-free. As of right now, there are over 10 organizations that are involved in this research community, one of which includes GlaxoSmithKline, the pharmaceutical company that developed the first viable malaria vaccine in major trials. The WIPO Re:Search community serves to connect these organizations so that they are working together in developing vaccines that are vital in developing countries. Hopefully, this collaboration will still encourage such companies to work with the same fervor they’ve had before, rather than create a bystander effect.
The development of vaccines for malaria, tuberculosis, and other tropical diseases has the potential to save over billions of lives in this generation and future generations, and also has the potential to eradicate the diseases altogether. With such a large search initiative put into place with the UN, there are hopes that we have come a lot closer to such a globally vital development.
The article can be found here: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40205&Cr=malaria&Cr1=
Because the vaccines of such diseases, once developed, must be distributed at such a very low price without a profit margin, the research towards its development will also be made royalty-free. As of right now, there are over 10 organizations that are involved in this research community, one of which includes GlaxoSmithKline, the pharmaceutical company that developed the first viable malaria vaccine in major trials. The WIPO Re:Search community serves to connect these organizations so that they are working together in developing vaccines that are vital in developing countries. Hopefully, this collaboration will still encourage such companies to work with the same fervor they’ve had before, rather than create a bystander effect.
The development of vaccines for malaria, tuberculosis, and other tropical diseases has the potential to save over billions of lives in this generation and future generations, and also has the potential to eradicate the diseases altogether. With such a large search initiative put into place with the UN, there are hopes that we have come a lot closer to such a globally vital development.
The article can be found here: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40205&Cr=malaria&Cr1=
Saturday, October 22, 2011
World's first malaria vaccine works in major trial
In just this past week, it has been announced that the first ever malaria vaccine is successful against clinical and severe malaria in five to 17 month olds in sub-Saharan Africa through major trials. This vaccine, which has been in development for 24 years, has shown to halve the risk of infection in a study in Africa. Through the success of the study, it becomes more likely that there will be a version available to the world by 2015.
One of the major barriers of making a vaccine effective, cost, will be minimized as well. The cost of the vaccine will only be the cost of manufacturing and an additional 5% to go back into tropical disease research, so the company is not expecting to make any money from this project. The altruism of this company provides a positive outlook towards pharmaceutical companies, who normally get a bad reputation for marking up vaccines and medication. Unfortunately, even with the barrier of cost eliminated, accessibility will still hold as a barrier and will be more difficult to minimize.
However, once the vaccine is put into use worldwide, the risks of getting malaria will be greatly minimized. Because mosquito bites are inevitable, malaria is one of the most difficult diseases to prevent. Although there have been uses of pesticides, mosquito nets, and other methods of prevention, the use of a vaccine is undoubtedly the most effective method.
There are about 300-500 million cases of malaria each year, and 1 million annual deaths due to malaria, making malaria a high incidence disease, and thus a target towards goal 6 of the Millennium Development Goals. With the development of the malaria vaccine, we are finally going in the right direction towards reaching this goal.
The article can be found here: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/malaria-vaccine-gsk-idUSL5E7LI4O020111018
One of the major barriers of making a vaccine effective, cost, will be minimized as well. The cost of the vaccine will only be the cost of manufacturing and an additional 5% to go back into tropical disease research, so the company is not expecting to make any money from this project. The altruism of this company provides a positive outlook towards pharmaceutical companies, who normally get a bad reputation for marking up vaccines and medication. Unfortunately, even with the barrier of cost eliminated, accessibility will still hold as a barrier and will be more difficult to minimize.
However, once the vaccine is put into use worldwide, the risks of getting malaria will be greatly minimized. Because mosquito bites are inevitable, malaria is one of the most difficult diseases to prevent. Although there have been uses of pesticides, mosquito nets, and other methods of prevention, the use of a vaccine is undoubtedly the most effective method.
There are about 300-500 million cases of malaria each year, and 1 million annual deaths due to malaria, making malaria a high incidence disease, and thus a target towards goal 6 of the Millennium Development Goals. With the development of the malaria vaccine, we are finally going in the right direction towards reaching this goal.
The article can be found here: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/malaria-vaccine-gsk-idUSL5E7LI4O020111018
Saturday, October 15, 2011
Food Safety and Biosecurity Lecture by Dr. James M. Slauch, Dept of Microbiology UIUC
Food and water have always been culprits of many lethal illnesses globally. As the world moves to more industrialization and globalization, a wider spectrum of food-borne illnesses have emerged. In this lecture, Dr. Slauch introduced the nature of some of the organisms that cause food-borne diseases, possible remedies, and new emerging infections.
One of the oldest diseases that come from food consumption is typhoid and cholera. These diseases are transmitted through water, a vital component to food preparation. Dr. Slauch presented research that had been done tracing back to the 1800s in Philadelphia. At that time, there were 1,000 cases/year, and by 1906 the number of cases had reach 10,000 per year. However, once filtration and chlorination processes had been added to the water systems, numbers dwindled in just one or two decades to almost no cases. With historical evidence of the effects of filtration and chlorination, developing nations should use these methods in their water systems to prevent many unnecessary cases of deadly diseases that end up being more costly to care for than a change in basic infrastructure.
A new emerging issue with food production that Dr. Slauch presented is the role of globalization and food production and distribution. Food now is shipped all around the world. Just with food items in the US, 80% of fish/shellfish, 45% of fruits, 15-20% of vegetables, and 50% of nuts are imported. Over 99% of this food is left uninspected and untested, which can raise great concerns for food safety. In the 2007 E. coli outbreak in burgers, 940 people in the US became infected. When tracing back the production of these burgers, it was found that there were parts of the burger that came from 3 different states within the US, but there was also a part of the burger that was processed in Uraguay, making the E. coli source very difficult to determine.
The food industry has undoubtedly become a global entity, which makes it even more difficult to govern and ensure safety during consumption. The most easily applied method to lower the risk rate of most infections in all nations, however, is proper food handling and preparation, and this must be conveyed by furthering education on such procedures.
One of the oldest diseases that come from food consumption is typhoid and cholera. These diseases are transmitted through water, a vital component to food preparation. Dr. Slauch presented research that had been done tracing back to the 1800s in Philadelphia. At that time, there were 1,000 cases/year, and by 1906 the number of cases had reach 10,000 per year. However, once filtration and chlorination processes had been added to the water systems, numbers dwindled in just one or two decades to almost no cases. With historical evidence of the effects of filtration and chlorination, developing nations should use these methods in their water systems to prevent many unnecessary cases of deadly diseases that end up being more costly to care for than a change in basic infrastructure.
A new emerging issue with food production that Dr. Slauch presented is the role of globalization and food production and distribution. Food now is shipped all around the world. Just with food items in the US, 80% of fish/shellfish, 45% of fruits, 15-20% of vegetables, and 50% of nuts are imported. Over 99% of this food is left uninspected and untested, which can raise great concerns for food safety. In the 2007 E. coli outbreak in burgers, 940 people in the US became infected. When tracing back the production of these burgers, it was found that there were parts of the burger that came from 3 different states within the US, but there was also a part of the burger that was processed in Uraguay, making the E. coli source very difficult to determine.
The food industry has undoubtedly become a global entity, which makes it even more difficult to govern and ensure safety during consumption. The most easily applied method to lower the risk rate of most infections in all nations, however, is proper food handling and preparation, and this must be conveyed by furthering education on such procedures.
Saturday, October 8, 2011
The Power of 1%: What Americans Get for Investments in Global Health
High level officials from U.S. agency for International development and other government officials have met to discuss the impact of U.S. investment in foreign aid. This investment is supposed to have an effect on improving the lives of people, developing new foreign markets and protecting the U.S. from infectious disease. It supposedly believed by the American people that about twenty-five percent of the federal budget is invested into foreign aid. However the accurate figure is actually to be less than one percent. Leaders from different organizations have met to launch the power of 1%, which is meant to give people a better understanding how U.S. investments in foreign aid will help Americans back at home.
By investing in foreign aid to help improve the health of the international population, there is shown to be a correlation in growth of the economy and security. This is due to higher productivity levels, which saves money and ultimately benefits American Companies. Also by investing in reducing the spread of infectious diseases in other countries, this will help Americans from these diseases as they are less likely to spread across borders.
This article emphasizes the correlation of global health with the global economy, a correlation that many Americans may not recognize. However, it has been proven in the past that genes and germs follow our trade and travel routes. By using money from the US funds to prevent AIDS in Africa, we are essentially reducing the risk that AIDS will travel to the US. This correlation is true for many other dangerous infections abroad like malaria, TB, and H1N1, just to name a few. As more Americans recognize “The Power of 1%” and how it directly affects them, there is the expectation of greater support towards global health investments.
The article can be found here: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-power-of-1-what-americans-get-for-investments-in-global-health-2011-10-03
By investing in foreign aid to help improve the health of the international population, there is shown to be a correlation in growth of the economy and security. This is due to higher productivity levels, which saves money and ultimately benefits American Companies. Also by investing in reducing the spread of infectious diseases in other countries, this will help Americans from these diseases as they are less likely to spread across borders.
This article emphasizes the correlation of global health with the global economy, a correlation that many Americans may not recognize. However, it has been proven in the past that genes and germs follow our trade and travel routes. By using money from the US funds to prevent AIDS in Africa, we are essentially reducing the risk that AIDS will travel to the US. This correlation is true for many other dangerous infections abroad like malaria, TB, and H1N1, just to name a few. As more Americans recognize “The Power of 1%” and how it directly affects them, there is the expectation of greater support towards global health investments.
The article can be found here: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-power-of-1-what-americans-get-for-investments-in-global-health-2011-10-03
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